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-\chapter{Introduction}
-%\addcontentsline{toc}{part}{Introduction}
-%\chaptermark{Introduction}
-\section{What you need to know}
-The reader of this document is required to have some knowledge in the
-area of digital video broadcasting (DVB) and should be familiar with
-part I of  ISO/IEC 13818, i.e you should know what a
-program/transport stream (PS/TS) is and what is meant by a packetized elementary
-stream (PES) or an I-frame. 
-
-It is also necessary to know how to access unix/linux devices and how
-to use ioctl calls. This also includes the knowledge of C or C++.
-\section{History}
-
-The first API for DVB cards we used at Convergence in late 1999
-was an extension of the Video4Linux API which was primarily 
-developed for frame grabber cards.
-As such it was not really well suited to be used for DVB cards and 
-their new features like recording MPEG streams and filtering several 
-section and PES data streams at the same time.
-
-In early 2000, we were approached by Nokia with a proposal for a new
-standard Linux DVB API.
-As a commitment to the development of terminals based on open standards, 
-Nokia and Convergence made it available to all Linux developers and
-published it on \texttt{http://www.linuxtv.org/} in September 2000.
-Convergence is the maintainer of the Linux DVB API.
-Together with the LinuxTV community (i.e. you, the reader of this document), 
-the Linux DVB API will be constantly reviewed and improved upon. 
-With the Linux driver for the Siemens/Hauppauge DVB PCI card Convergence 
-provides a first implementation of the Linux DVB API.
-
-
-\section{Overview}
-
-\begin{figure}[htbp]
-  \begin{center}
-    \includegraphics{dvbstb.ps}
-    \caption{Components of a DVB card/STB}
-    \label{fig:dvbstb}
-  \end{center}
-\end{figure}
-
-
-A DVB PCI card or DVB set-top-box (STB) usually consists of the following
-main hardware components:
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Frontend consisting of tuner and DVB demodulator
-
-Here the raw signal reaches the DVB hardware from a satellite dish or antenna
-or directly from cable. The frontend down-converts and demodulates
-this signal into an MPEG transport stream (TS).
-
-\item SEC for controlling external hardware like LNBs and antennas
-
-This part of the hardware can send signals back through the satellite
-cable to control the polarization of the LNB, to switch between 
-different LNBs or even to control the movements of a dish rotor.
-
-
-\item Conditional Access (CA) hardware like CI adapters and smartcard slots
-
-The complete TS is passed through the CA hardware. Programs to which 
-the user has access (controlled by the smart card) are decoded in real
-time and re-inserted into the TS. 
-
-\item Demultiplexer which filters the incoming DVB stream
-
-The demultiplexer splits the TS into its components like audio and video 
-streams. Besides usually several of such audio and video streams it also 
-contains data streams with information about the programs offered in this
-or other streams of the same provider.
-
-\item MPEG2 audio and video decoder 
-
-The main targets of the demultiplexer are the MPEG2 audio and video 
-decoders. After decoding the pass on the uncompressed audio 
-and video to the computer screen or (through a PAL/NTSC encoder) to 
-a TV set.
-\end{itemize}
-Figure \ref{fig:dvbstb} shows a crude schematic of the control and data flow 
-between those components.
-
-On a DVB PCI card not all of these have to be present since some 
-functionality can be provided by the main CPU of the PC (e.g. MPEG picture
-and sound decoding) or is not needed (e.g. for data-only uses like 
-``internet over satellite'').
-Also not every card or STB provides conditional access hardware.
-
-\section{Linux DVB Devices}
-
-The Linux DVB API lets you control these hardware components 
-through currently six Unix-style character devices for 
-video, audio, frontend, SEC, demux and CA. 
-The video and audio devices control the MPEG2 decoder hardware,
-the frontend device the tuner and the DVB demodulator.
-External hardware like DiSEqC switches and rotors can be controlled 
-through the SEC device. 
-The demux device gives you control over the PES and section filters 
-of the hardware. If the hardware does not support filtering these filters 
-can be implemented in software.
-Finally, the CA device controls all the conditional access capabilities 
-of the hardware. It can depend on the individual security requirements 
-of the platform, if and how many of the CA functions are made available 
-to the application through this device.
-
-All devices can be found in the \texttt{/dev} tree under 
-\texttt{/dev/ost}, where OST stands for Open Standards Terminal.
-The individual devices are called 
-\begin{itemize}
-\item \texttt{/dev/ost/audio},
-\item \texttt{/dev/ost/video},
-\item \texttt{/dev/ost/frontend},
-\item \texttt{/dev/ost/sec},
-\item \texttt{/dev/ost/demux},
-\item \texttt{/dev/ost/ca},
-\end{itemize}
-but we will omit the ``\texttt{/dev/ost/}'' in the further dicussion of 
-these devices. 
-
-If more than one card is present in the system the other cards
-can be accessed through the corresponding devices with the
-card's number appended. \texttt{/dev/ost/demux0} (which 
-is identical to \texttt{/dev/ost/demux}) would, e.g.,  control the 
-demultiplexer of the first card, while \texttt{/dev/ost/demux1}
-would control the demultiplexer of the second card, and so on.
-
-More details about the data structures and function calls of 
-all the devices are described in the following chapters.
-
-
-\section{DVB Devices with Devfs}
-
-Recent Linux kernel versions support a special file system called 
-\textsl{devfs} which is a replacement for the traditional 
-device directory. 
-With devfs a Linux DVB driver will only create those device file entries
-which actually exist. 
-It also makes dealing with more complex DVB hardware much easier.
-The device structure described above is not well suited to deal 
-with multiple DVB cards with more than one frontend or demultiplexer.
-Consider, e.g., two DVB cards, one with two frontends and
-one demultiplexer, the other with one frontend and two demultiplexers.
-If we just assign them consecutive numbers, there would be a demultiplexer
-and a frontend which do not belong to the same card but have 
-the same number.
-
-With \textsl{devfs} we propose a different scheme for the device names.
-The root directory for all DVB cards will be \texttt{/dev/dvb}. 
-Each card gets assigned a sub-directory with the name \texttt{/dev/card0},
-\texttt{/dev/card1}, etc.
-The files created in these sub-directories will correspond directly to the 
-hardware actually present on the card. 
-Thus, if the first card has one QAM frontend, one demultiplexer
-and otherwise no other hardware, 
-only \texttt{/dev/dvb/card0/qamfe0} and \texttt{/dev/dvb/card0/demux0} 
-will be created.
-When a second DVB-S card with one frontend (including SEC) device,
-two demultiplexers and an MPEG2 audio/video decoder is added, the
-complete \texttt{/dev/dvb} tree will look like this:
-
-\begin{verbatim}
-/dev/dvb/card0/frontend0
-               demux0
-
-/dev/dvb/card1/video0
-               audio0
-               demux0
-               demux1
-               frontend0
-               sec0
-\end{verbatim}
-
-
-\section{Using the Devices}
-
-\dots
-
-
-%%% Local Variables: 
-%%% mode: latex
-%%% TeX-master: "dvbapi"
-%%% End: